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Gregory P. Graham

Portrait of Gregory P. Graham

Greg is a member of the Professional Liability Department whose practice focuses on the defense of corporations and professionals in commercial, construction and class action litigation. He also defends attorneys in legal liability actions covering a wide range of malpractice claims including those arising from civil and family disputes, business transactions in the real estate and oil and gas industries, and commercial litigation. 

Greg has substantial experience defending high-value class action cases at both the state and federal level.  In doing so, he prioritizes the development of an early case strategy to defeat class certification in order to minimize his clients’ potential liability and damage exposure. He has successfully defeated class certification in multiple jurisdictions for clients facings claims of invasion of privacy, violations of state and federal electronic communication protection acts, and allegations of improper assessment and conversion of state sales taxes. When certification cannot be avoided, Greg develops an aggressive discovery strategy to minimize class size and damage exposure. He has obtained summary judgment dismissals and favorable settlements in class actions in both state and federal court.  

Greg's construction practice includes the representation of owners, contractors, and design professionals from defect and commercial loss claims related to the construction industry. He has litigated on behalf of clients in matters arising from publicly and privately-funded projects in state and federal court across the country. He also defends construction entities in the natural gas and energy industry facing high-exposure commercial loss and environmental claims. 

Greg has experience litigating on behalf of securities professionals in court and FINRA arbitration. He has successfully assisted financial management companies in responding to administrative investigations brought by state and industry regulatory agencies.  

He is also proficient in matters involving significant E-Discovery and document discovery.  His experience with managing large-scale E-discovery efforts minimizes unnecessary cost while also allowing Marshall Dennehey to provide the best defense possible for its clients in discovery-intensive cases.    

Greg was a 2013 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. While in law school, Greg was invited to be a visiting research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg, Germany. He was also an Articles Editor for the Journal of Technology Law & Policy and a member of two award-winning moot court teams.  

    • University of Pittsburgh School of Law (J.D., 2013)
    • Michigan State University (B.A., 2007)
    • Pennsylvania, 2013
    • The Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch®, Commercial Litigation; Construction Law; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants (2021-2025)
    • The Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch®, Litigation – Construction; Professional Malpractice Law (2024-2025)
    • Pennsylvania Super Lawyers Rising Star (2020-2022, 2024-2025)
    • Pennsylvania Defense Institute (PDI), Co-Chair Professional Liability Committee
    • AI in the Legal Profession, Marshall Dennehey Client Presentation, September 2024
    • Co-Taught "Business Law," Westminster College, Spring 2015
    • "Don't Reinvent the Wheel: Approaching Gen AI Usage in Litigation,"The Legal Intelligencer, October 10, 2024
    • "Retooling the Client Engagement Letter to Minimize Liability Claim Exposure,"PLUS Blog, March 23, 2023
    • "Demand for Remote Desktop Access and Cloud Computing Services Necessitates a Refined Approach for Civil Litigation Electronic Discovery," Lawyers Journal, November 18, 2022
    • "Supreme Court's Halliburton Ruling May Be Curse in Disguise for Securities Defendants" Defense Digest, Vol. 20, No. 3, September 2014
    • "Storm Fronts and Filmmaking: Cloud Computing Regulation and the Impact on Independent Filmmakers," University of Pittsburgh School of Law Journal of Technology Law & Policy, Vol. 13, 2012
    • "Lost in a Cloud: Overview of Legal Obstacles to the Growth of Cloud Computing in European Markets," Croatian Journal of Media & Technology, Vol. 18, 2012

Thought Leadership

Legal Updates for Lawyers' Professional Liability

Pennsylvania Superior Court Effectively Expands Statute of Limitations for Legal Malpractice Claims in Pennsylvania

March 1, 2026

After much anticipation, the Pennsylvania Superior Court issued its en banc decision in Poteat v. Asteak on December 11, 2025.  In Poteat, the Superior Court sitting en banc confirmed an earlier opinion addressing the question of whether the “gist of the action” doctrine applies to legal malpractice claims. In a disappointing ruling for the defense bar, the court ruled that it does not.  In doing so, it has created uncertainty moving forward as to the defense of legal malpractice actions sounding in breach of contract. Poteat arose from a legal malpractice lawsuit following appellee-attorneys’ provision of legal services to an appellant in a criminal matter. In the legal malpractice action, the trial court granted the appellees’ preliminary objections seeking dismissal of the action via application of the gist of the action doctrine. The appellant set forth a breach of contract claim, arguing that since the breach of contract claim sounded in tort, namely negligence, it should be treated as such by application of the gist of the action doctrine. Accordingly, the two-year statute of limitations applicable to negligence barred the claim. Appellees further argued that the complaint was legally insufficient because it failed to allege a breach of a specific executory promise in the retainer agreement. The plaintiff appealed. The Superior Court’s en banc decision held that hiring an attorney automatically creates an implied contract term that the attorney will provide competent legal services, regardless of whether the contract includes any explicit contractual term promising such. In doing so, the Superior Court has provided authority for plaintiffs in legal malpractice claims to assert the existence and breach of an implied duty that arises from a specific legal contract, without regard to the expressed language of that agreement. In essence, the court eviscerated any gist of the action application to legal malpractice claims and ignored prior precedent which also held that breach of contract claims must be based upon the contract itself, rather than implied terms. Even more problematic for the defense of legal malpractice lawsuits is the fact that this ruling effectively means that all Pennsylvania lawyers’ professional liability claims will be subject to a four-year contract statute of limitations. A negligence claim that an attorney deviated from a professional standard of care that may have been dismissed for falling outside the two-year statute of limitations time period may now be pursued under an alternate breach of contract theory which is subject to a four-year statute. There was a vigorous dissent which was joined by three Superior Court judges. This decision has been appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court given the severity of its potential implications.

Legal Updates for Real Estate E&O Liability

Invoking the Mandatory Mediation Clause Against Buyers – A Beneficial Strategic Tactic

November 1, 2025

When facing claims, Pennsylvania real estate agents too often view the mandatory mediation paragraph found within the Standard Agreement for the Sale of Real Estate as little more than boilerplate. In practice, however, this clause can be a valuable and strategic tool for the successful defense of claims. Rather than overlooking such a useful tool, real estate agents should consider invoking the mandatory mediation provision to obtain significant advantages in cost management, liability clarity, and settlement posture. The mandatory mediation provision typically contains the following language: Buyer and Seller will submit all disputes or claims that arise from this Agreement, including disputes and claims over deposit monies, to mediation. Mediation will be conducted in accordance with the Rules and Procedures of the Home Sellers/Home Buyers Dispute Resolution System, unless it is not available, in which case Buyer and Seller will mediate according to the terms of the mediation system offered or endorsed by the local Association of Realtors®. Mediation fees, contained in the mediator’s fee schedule, will be divided equally among the parties and will be paid before the mediation conference. This mediation process must be concluded before any party to the dispute may initiate legal proceedings in any courtroom, with the exception of filing a summons if it is necessary to stop any statute of limitations from expiring. Any agreement reached through mediation and signed by the parties will be binding. Any agreement to mediate disputes or claims arising from this Agreement will survive settlement. This section precludes either the buyer or seller from initiating a legal action without first attempting to mediate the dispute. The only exception identified within the provision allows for the filing of a summons to halt the application of any potential statute of limitations.  At first glance, the provision would not appear to be available to agents involved in the transaction; however, the language is clear that all disputes that arise from the agreement are subject to the mandatory mediation requirement. Upon receipt of a pre-suit claim, real estate professionals should consider invoking this provision to bring all claims and involved parties to mediation. Alternatively, if a lawsuit has already been filed, real estate agents should consider the merits of filing a Motion to Stay and to Compel Mediation pursuant to the provision.  There are numerous benefits to do so.  Cost Savings Through Early Resolution Pre-suit mediation offers a controlled, confidential, and relatively inexpensive forum for resolving the dispute while the parties are still evaluating their willingness to engage in the costs of discovery, depositions and motion practice. By invoking the mediation provision promptly after a buyer identifies a pre-suit claim or upon the receipt of a complaint, an agent and their counsel can participate in a structured discussion aimed at resolution without the procedural overhead of court involvement. Even if mediation does not result in a full settlement, narrowing the issues can dramatically reduce later litigation expenses. Insurers can separately consider the benefits of early mediation for their insureds, as it signals proactive risk management and can help avoid unnecessary defense costs. Clarifying Responsibility Through Information Exchange Claims made by the buyer against real estate agents are often defended on the grounds that the seller’s or buyer’s own actions are the cause of the buyer’s damages. Forcing those parties to mediation encourages the early and informal exchange of key documents—inspection reports, disclosure forms, repair records—that can help inform the parties’ assessment of who bears actual responsibility. When the facts are developed cooperatively, rather than through adversarial discovery, the mediation process often highlights that the real estate agent’s role was limited to communication rather than concealment. This can refocus the dispute toward the truly responsible party and may even resolve the matter without further involvement of the agent.  Managing Plaintiff Expectations for Future Negotiations Even if resolution cannot be achieved during the mediation process, a mandatory attempt early in the life of a claim also serves as an effective opportunity to set realistic expectations for a buyer-plaintiff’s potential recovery. Through the mediator’s neutral perspective, plaintiffs often gain a clearer understanding of the legal limits on agent liability, the availability of defenses—such as the reliance on seller representations—and the challenges of proving causation and damages, especially if the buyer waiver or failure to inspect questions are involved. Even if mediation does not fully settle the case, it can temper inflated expectations and create a more productive environment for subsequent negotiations. In short, mediation under the Pennsylvania Standard Agreement is not merely a procedural requirement—it is a strategic defense opportunity. By embracing early mediation, real estate agents can reduce costs, clarify liability and shape the tone of any future dispute toward resolution rather than escalation.  Legal Update for Real Estate E&O – November 2025, is prepared by Marshall Dennehey to provide information on recent legal developments of interest to our readers. This publication is not intended to provide legal advice for a specific situation or to create an attorney-client relationship. We would be pleased to provide such legal assistance as you require on these and other subjects when called upon. ATTORNEY ADVERTISING pursuant to New York RPC 7.1 Copyright © 2025 Marshall Dennehey, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted without the express written permission of our firm. For reprints or inquiries, or if you wish to be removed from this mailing list, contact tamontemuro@mdwcg.com.

Firm Highlights

News

106 Marshall Dennehey Attorneys Recognized in the 2027 Editions of The Best Lawyers in America® and the Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch® in America

Marshall Dennehey is proud to highlight the firm’s 106 attorneys who have been recognized in the 2027 editions of The Best Lawyers in America® and the Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch® in America. Less than 6% of all practicing lawyers in the U.S. were selected by their peers for this recognition. Additionally, four of the firm’s attorneys received the Best Lawyers® 2027 “Lawyer of the Year” awards in their respective practice areas and demographic regions. Since it was first published in 1983, Best Lawyers® has become universally regarded as the definitive guide to legal excellence. Best Lawyers lists are compiled based on an exhaustive peer-review evaluation. For more information, please visit https://www.bestlawyers.com/. OUR 2027 LAWYERS OF THE YEAR Harrisburg, PA Christopher Reeser, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Kacey Wiedt, Workers Compensation Law - Employers Roseland, NJ Justin F. Johnson, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Leonard Leicht, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants   OUR 2026 BEST LAWYERS IN AMERICA Philadelphia, PA Nicholas D. Bowers, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Josh J. T. Byrne, Professional Malpractice Law - Defendants Jefferey J. Chomko, Insurance Law James H. Cole, Insurance Law John J. Delany III, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Laurianne Falcone, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants John P. Gonzales, Employment Law - Management John Hare, Appellate Practice Daniel D. Krebbs, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Michele Punturi, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Bradley D. Remick, Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Andrea Cicero Rock, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Robin M. Romano, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Daniel J. Ryan, Jr., Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Gary M. Samms, Professional Malpractice Law - Defendants Christopher N. Santoro, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation -Defendants Josh D. Scheets, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Robert P. Schenk, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Robert E. Smith, Insurance Law Robin Snyder, Litigation - Health Care Michael L. Turner, Commercial Litigation; Criminal Defense: White-Collar; Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions - Defendants Claire Breaux Ventola, Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Pittsburgh, PA Melissa Devich Cochran, Commercial Litigation; Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants  John F. Deasy, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Daniel W. Deitrick, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Douglas C. LaSota, Litigation - Construction; Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions - Defendants Joseph V. Lesinski, Product Liability Litigation – Defendants   Christian D. Marquis, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Patricia A. Monahan, Insurance Law; Litigation - Insurance Patrick T. Reilly, Commercial Litigation; Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Brett C. Shear, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Teresa O. Sirianni, Education Law; Employment Law – Management; Litigation - Labor and Employment Stuart Sostmann, Product Liability Litigation – Defendants Danielle M. Vugrinovich, Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions - Defendants Scranton, PA Sarah E. Argo, Litigation - Insurance Michael J. Connolly, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants; Professional Malpractice Law - Defendants Matthew Keris, Litigation - Health Care; Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants John T. McGrath, Jr., Insurance Law; Medical Malpractice Law – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants William J. McPartland, Insurance Law John R. Nealon, Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Victoria Scanlon, Health Care Law; Litigation - Health Care; Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Michael A. Sebastian, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Thomas A. Specht, Insurance Law; Litigation - Insurance Suzanne Tighe, Litigation Insurance Harrisburg , PA Casey Alan Coyle, Administrative/Regulatory Law; Appellate Practice; Commercial Litigation Brittany E. Bakshi, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Shannon P. Fellin, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Allison Krupp, Insurance Law John R. Ninosky, Litigation – Insurance; Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Christopher Reeser, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Kacey Wiedt, Workers' Compensation Law – Employers King of Prussia, PA  Michael L. Detweiler, Construction Law Joseph L. Hoynoski III, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Gregory J. Kelley, Construction Law, Litigation - Construction Anthony Natale III, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Francis X. Wickersham, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers A. Judd Woytek, Workers' Compensation Law – Employers Erie, PA Patrick M. Carey, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Joel M. Snavely, Health Care Law; Insurance Law New Haven, CT Michael Wrona, Commercial Litigation, Litigation - Bankruptcy  Mount Laurel, NJ David D. Blake, Litigation - Insurance Barbara Davis, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Lynne Nahmani, Litigation - Health Care John H. Osorio, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants John L. Slimm, Legal Malpractice Law – Defendants; Professional Malpractice Law – Defendants Roseland, NJ Robert T. Evers, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Justin F. Johnson, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Julia Klubenspies, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Leonard C. Leicht, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Patricia M. McDonagh, Appellate Practice Sunny Sparano, Litigation - Construction Randall S. Watts, Health Care Law New York, NY Tonya M. Lindsey, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants Tampa, FL Michael Archibald, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Lindsay G. McCormick, Litigation – Construction Orlando, FL Thomas F. Brown, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Dante C. Rohr, Commercial Litigation Fort Lauderdale, FL Kimberly Kanoff Berman, Appellate Practice Patrick M. Delong, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants Jacksonville, FL  Heather Byrer Carbone, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Linda Wagner Farrell, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Elizabeth B. Ferguson, Litigation - Construction James P. Hanratty, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants Wilmington, DE Sarah B. Cole, Litigation - Insurance Benjamin K. Durstein, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Maria R. Granaudo, Medical Malpractice Law - Defendants  Keri L. Morris-Johnston, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Cincinnati, OH Timothy B. Schenkel, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants David E. Williamson, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Cleveland, OH Vincent E. Cononico, Litigation – Insurance, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Jillian L. Dinehart, Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants David J. Fagnilli, Insurance Law Jason P. Ferrante, Health Care Law, Litigation - Health Care Andrew H. Isakoff, Transportation Law Leslie M. Jenny, Litigation - Health Care; Medical Malpractice Law – Defendant OUR 2026 BEST LAWYERS: ONES TO WATCH Jacksonville, FL Sean J. Reeves, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants; Product Liability Litigation - Defendants Orlando, FL Carolin A. Pacheco, Insurance Law Mount Laurel Stacey Gorin, Insurance Law Melville, NY Kimberly Gitlin, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants Matthew A. Gray, Insurance Law; Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Philadelphia, PA Holli K. Archer, Health Care Law; Medical Malpractice Law – Defendants; Professional Malpractice Law Emily Pritchyk, Commercial Litigation; Product Liability Litigation – Defendants Pittsburgh, PA Taylor E. Kosko, Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions – Defendants; Personal Injury Litigation - Defendants Alana Staniszewski, Workers' Compensation Law - Employers Michael D. Winsko, Product Liability Litigation – Defendants; Transportation Law King of Prussia, PA Richard Lechette, Commercial Litigation; Insurance Law, Personal Injury Litigation – Defendants

Thought Leadership

The Ohio Supreme Court Extends Sham-Affidavit Rule to Contradictory Expert Reports

Legal Roundup: Ohio In its June 23, 2026, decision in Moore v. Mercy Medical Center, the Ohio Supreme Court upheld a trial court’s decision to strike an expert witness’s affidavit that contradicted the opinions expressed in the expert’s prior report. This case pertains to allegations of medical malpractice after plaintiff Cheri Moore gave birth to an infant in respiratory distress who required intubation. Moore alleged that a delay in ordering an emergency cesarean section resulted in the need for intubation, causing her child’s injuries. Specifically, Moore sued Dr. Meniru, who completed his first shift at 7:00 a.m. on May 28, 2015, and did not resume treating Moore until 7:00 a.m. on May 29, 2015. One of Moore’s expert witnesses authored a report stating that the doctors, including Dr. Meniru, deviated from the standard of care by not advocating for a cesarean section in the evening of May 28, 2015. Based on this report, Dr. Meniru moved for summary judgment, arguing that the alleged breach occurred during a period when he was not on duty. In response to the summary judgment motion, the plaintiff filed an affidavit from the same expert. Although the expert expressly incorporated his previous report into his affidavit, he also offered an additional opinion: that Dr. Meniru breached the standard of care by failing to begin a cesarean section within 30 minutes of receiving reports of fetal distress. Dr. Meniru filed a motion to strike the expert’s affidavit, arguing that it contradicted the opinions set forth in his prior report in violation of the sham-affidavit rule. The sham-affidavit rule applies to “a contradictory affidavit that indicates only that the affiant cannot maintain a consistent story, or is willing to offer a statement solely for the purpose of defeating summary judgment”. Moore, supra, at ¶ 19, citing Pettiford v. Aggarwal, 126 Ohio St.3d 413, 2010-Ohio-3237. The trial court granted both the motion to strike and the motion for summary judgment, and the Fifth District affirmed. The Ohio Supreme Court accepted two questions of law: (1) whether the sham-affidavit rule applies when the sworn testimony contradicts prior unsworn statements; and (2) whether an inconsistency within the affidavit goes to credibility or admissibility, justifying an order striking the affidavit. Previous rulings by the Ohio Supreme Court regarding the sham-affidavit rule have pertained to contradictions between an affidavit and sworn deposition testimony. See, e.g., Byrd v. Smith, 2006- Ohio-3455, 110 Ohio St.3d 24, 850 N.E.2d 47. However, here, the Court was asked to apply the same rule to contradictions between a sworn affidavit and an unsworn expert report. The Court held that, because Moore’s expert incorporated his prior report into his affidavit, he effectively adopted the report as part of his sworn testimony.

Result

No-Cause Jury Verdict Secured in Wrongful Death Trial

We successfully obtained a no-cause jury verdict in a 13-day wrongful death trial. The decedent, a 59-year-old man, was admitted to the emergency room on February 15, 2019, with complaints of abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and constipation, despite the use of laxatives. The patient did not complain of any nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. He had a significant medical history including diabetes, hypertension, prior coronary artery stenting, morbid obesity (with past gastric bypass surgery), longstanding ventral hernia, and back pain. A CT scan revealed multiple hernias and a potential closed-loop bowel obstruction, leading to a surgery consultation. Our client, an emergency general surgeon, interpreted that the patient did not have a closed loop or any significant obstruction and recommended non-surgical management. The patient was approved to have clear liquids, and had a vomiting incident shortly after, but our client was not notified. The patient was returned to NPO status, and after improving overnight, he was returned to “clears” and additional medical and renal consults were ordered. Our client did not receive any communications from the residents/nurses of any changes in the patient’s condition. On February 18, 2019, two rapid responses were called due to increased heart rate and vomiting. It is believed that the vomiting resulted in aspiration, causing sepsis, ultimately leading to the patient’s death. During the trial, the plaintiff’s sole medical expert highlighted imaging on the wrong hernia, which called into question all of his opinions in the case. We made key objections related to the expert testimony, limiting what the allegations were, and preventing new allegations from being made. After approximately two and a half hours of deliberating, the jury returned a no-cause verdict. 

Thought Leadership

Pennsylvania Superior Court Reaffirms Liberal Pleading Standard in Medical Malpractice Actions

Legal Roundup: Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania Superior Court has reinforced a broader fact-pleading approach that may make it more difficult for health care defendants to obtain dismissal at the preliminary objection stage. In DaSilva v. Abington Memorial Hospital, the court held that the plaintiffs’ second amended complaint satisfied Pennsylvania’s fact‑pleading requirements despite the absence of individually named negligent actors. In DaSilva, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint alleging that Abington Memorial Hospital was directly and vicariously negligent after the patient, who was experiencing a mental health crisis, was left unattended by hospital staff, exited the emergency department, and was struck by a vehicle, suffering serious injuries. The trial court sustained the hospital’s preliminary objections and dismissed the complaint with prejudice, stating plaintiffs “failed to plead any material factual allegations in support of their claims of negligence [and] set forth vague allegations of negligence and unidentified agency.” Id. at *5. The plaintiffs appealed. On appeal, the Superior Court reversed, holding that the complaint sufficiently pled negligence and vicarious liability claims under Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a). The court concluded that allegations describing the patient’s condition, the hospital’s awareness of that condition, and the alleged failure to monitor or prevent elopement were adequate to satisfy Pennsylvania’s pleading requirements. Significantly, the court rejected the hospital’s argument that the complaint failed because it did not identify the specific employees responsible for the alleged negligence. Instead, the court found that generalized references to “emergency room staff” were sufficient to place the hospital on notice of the claims because “the names of those who performed services for the plaintiff are known to the defendant or can be ascertained during discovery.” Id. at *12 (citing Est. of Denmark ex rel. Hurst v. Williams, 117 A.3d 300, 307 (Pa. Super. 2015)). The effect of DaSilva is that plaintiffs may proceed past the pleading stage with relatively generalized allegations, particularly in cases involving institutional defendants where relevant details are uniquely within the defendant’s control. As a result, health care defendants should anticipate that challenges to claim sufficiency may be resolved in the later stages of litigation, including discovery and summary judgment.